To most of us, price-action trading is closely related to technical analysis and stock charts. But to a subset of traders, it goes much further than the technical versus fundamental issue, it is about raw price. The rational is that a methodology that only uses price (avoiding indicators and optimization), is as fast as can be and effortlessly transferable to any market. Yet for me, watching price action is first and foremost about simplicity.
This article is a brief look at two simple and short-term setups. These can be incorporated into existing systems or used on their own in strong markets. By using a simple candlestick chart and monitoring market conditions and price patterns, we can easily find high-probability trades. As these setups only trade with the trend, the first part of the article discusses how to determine market trend and strength, and the second part digs into each strategy.
MARKET BEARINGS
Unlike mean-reverting or market-exhaustion strategies, these setups don’t look for tops or bottoms, instead they patiently wait for an agreement on the market’s direction. The market is a creature of habit and tends to favor continuation over change. Like eavesdropping on a conversation between bulls and bears, one side needs to prove strength and the other, weakness. With that knowledge, the odds are good for further continuation. This information has to be continually probed. Additionally, a trade is only taken when a propitious signal bar is confirmed. It is this constant analysis, taxing but inevitable, by which we stack odds in our favor that the market will continue its present course and make for a high-probability setup.
The first tool, and probably the most important, is a pattern based on a cluster of 3 or more strong bars in the overall direction of the market. These candle bars should be larger than average with long bodies and small tails, preferably all in the same direction and neither overlapping much. If the opposite side follows the cluster with weakness, we then know who is in control. The weak side can retrace into the cluster, but cannot violate it or show too much strength, as that would nullify the pattern.
In the example above, the first four bullish bars take control of the market and the subsequent weak bears confirm that the bulls own this market.
The second tool is the moving average. It isn’t used to generate trading signals, instead it provides a quick and easy read on the market’s direction and strength. Price meandering along the moving average, never being able to take flight or drop, is to be sat out until life is blown back into that stock. I use the popular 20-period moving average, but this is a personal preference as I’ve watched it for many years. The point is to get a quick, high level view of the market and its strength, whatever one is familiar with will do the trick. The way a trending market bounces off the moving average is very telling, if it can’t touch it however many times it tries, the market is in a strong tear. On the other hand if it starts piercing it a little deeper each time and the average loses steepness, it is a warning that the trend is in trouble.
A very bullish market barely grazing the 20 period moving average.
The cluster pattern is key to both setups. The moving average is important but can be misleading during the market open when it gaps away from its previous session close (this is especially relevant for time frames smaller than the daily chart). With an ETF like the SPYDER, if it gaps significantly, the moving average will be out of whack. Some people rely on the 24-hour chart to smooth the price information by including pre-open data. Either way, the trader is faced with two different moving averages for the same period and product, and, at times, that information may be contradictory. When in doubt, do nothing, wait till things re-align.
The SPYDER ETF 24 hour chart on top shows a bearish bias at 9:30 AM while the regular session below at the same time, shows a bullish gap and subsequent bullish bias.
DYNAMIC BIAS
Here is the crux of this approach (and any other strategies that are momentum based): to always have a bias. We need to be asking the market, at every bar, and for the brave, at every tick, ‘who is strong, who is weak?’ This bias has to be continually available and therefore recalculated often. Without the knowledge that the market is dominated by one side or another, any trade is just a 50/50 toss.
If one is on top of the bias question, yet no bias is apparent, then the market is flat or narrowly trading, and that information is invaluable and a clear recommendation to sit it out for the time being.
SETUPS
Both setups rely on good signal bars before triggering a trade. The candle body should point in the direction of the trade and have short tails (or at the very least short in the direction of the trade). Just like with the bearing, the signal bar is very revealing and we want to keep stacking odds in our favor that the market will continue with the trend. The body of the bar should definitely be larger, look stronger, than those of the opposite weaker side.
Once the market direction is confirmed, via strength in one direction and weakness in the other, the next step is to be on the lookout for a trading signal. The first setup is loosely based on the flag/rectangle pattern. It looks for a rectangular shape where the strong side of the market delineates one side of the rectangle and the retracing weakness, the other side. The trade needs enough space to reach the profit target (the other side of the rectangle) in the direction of the trend:
Flag/Rectangle Trade
In the above example, the sixth bar ends the cluster of strength and marks the bottom of the rectangle. The arrow points to the signal bar, which marks the top of the rectangle. There is plenty of space for this short trade to profit without violating the bottom of the rectangle.
The second strategy relies on a stronger than average breakout bar, above or below a previous point of congestion or multi top/bottom. The signal bar should be large, full bodied, with little to no tail. I like the trade to trigger immediately after the strong breakout bar. If the signal bar is followed by one or two inside bars before triggering, I’ll pass on the trade as it shows hesitancy:
Breakout Trade
The above example shows the cluster of bullish strength, a small retracement, and a breakout on a strong signal bar for a great trade.
Both setups are closely related and a flag/rectangle trade can become a breakout trade if the market is strong enough.
PROFIT AND STOP-LOSS TARGETS
In most circumstances, I rely on a 1:1 risk-reward ratio. It is imperative that odds are stacked in one’s favor with this type of aggressive ratio.
The signal bar that triggers a trade is the basis for the profit and stop-loss target. Trades on either setup are always entered on a stop order, a tick above or below the signal bar in the direction of the market. This is stacking the odds in our favor that the market agrees with our choice. The profit target is the height of the signal bar and the stop-loss is the same height but in the opposite direction from the entry point:
As the trade progresses, the stop-loss is adjusted a tick above or below every new bar, until the trade either reaches its profit target or is stopped out. By trailing the stop so tightly and as long as market strength is present, the losing trades rarely incur the full 1:1 loss.
Such trade management works best on highly liquid and complex financial products. It can work on large single equities but anything too erratic will risk stopping it out prematurely. Having the trade stopped out by a tick or two just to reverse and continue with the trend can be a very frustrating (and costly) experience. I use these setups mostly on the SPYDER ETF and only on the five minute time frame. Even though the concepts of market bearings apply to any time frame, the specific trade management style will not work on the daily, or larger, time-frame. They are too erratic and full of gaps that would prematurely stop trades out.
Though this may be the subject of a future article, there are many ways of ameliorating the risk-reward ratio with tweaks on either the entry or the exit (such as entering after 2 bars to lock in less risk or letting the winners run further than the 1:1RR profit target).
TRADES
The complexity doesn’t lie in what to trade, but in what not to trade. The ability of sitting on ones hands, literally, is essential here. With any discretionary system, we are constantly balancing the need to wait for perfection and the desire to take trades. Even though each trade setup is different, with such an aggressive risk-reward ratio, it is important not to compromise too much.
We cannot do anything before we have ‘proof’ that the market has chosen a direction, and then we still can’t do anything until we have that strategic signal bar. These trading setups aren’t for the trigger-happy trader. Its success is due partly because it trades only occasionally. The SPYDER ETF 5 minute chart can have 2-3 trades a session on a really good day. This is about waiting for the obvious, waiting for the gift, anything less has to be ignored. Not easy to do when partial reads lead to missed successes, but
this disciplinedoes pay off in the long run.
TNA ETF (5 min) 3/9/2012
Above is a textbook-perfect example of a flag/rectangle trade. The market is already under the 20-period moving average, the bears are strong and the bulls are weak with lots of tails. This flag/rectangle trade morphs into a breakout trade.
SPYDER ETF (5 min) 3/15/2012
Great example of a breakout trade. The market is in a trading range but the bulls show strength around 11:30 AM with a cluster of bullish bars.
VXX ETF (5 min) 3/2/2012
Clear flag/rectangle trade with great strength from the bulls and subsequent weakness from the bears.
VXX ETF (5 min) 3/9/2012
The strong bullish cluster of bars around 2 PM forewarns the odds of continuation.
SPYDER ETF (5 min) 3/2/2012
OK flag/rectangle but the bear tail four bars before the signal may be a little unsettling as it could form a triple top and reverse.
FAILURES AND EXCEPTIONS
SPYDER ETF (5 min) 3/5/2012
The above chart shows a failed flag/rectangle trade. The bias is clearly bearish but the market stops the short trade by one tick. A possible explanation is that the signal bar isn’t strong enough as its size easily compares with the bars from the weak leg up. Though we could interpret the big bearish bar after the failed flag/rectangle trade as a breakout trade, the fact that the bears showed hesitancy earlier is a bad omen and not worth the risk.
SPY ETF (5 min) 3/8/2012
Tight channeling periods are always tough. Even though this a bona fide breakout trade, it is unfortunately also a shakeout to drop those traders with tight stops.
TNA ETF (5 min) 3/23/2012
Full loss on a flag/rectangle trade. Not an ideal setup (cluster was on a news announcement and signal bar has a tail in the direction of the trade) but still a reminder that these trades can lose their full risk portion.
VXX ETF (5 min) 2/27/2012
Not the ideal signal bar by a long stretch but the exceptional cluster of bear bars favors additional bearish continuation.
VXX ETF (5 min) 3/1/2012
An interesting situation where an incomplete bearish flag/rectangle setup (there isn’t enough space to profit as a flag/rectangle trade) fails and therefore gives more credence to the bulls and the subsequent bull trade (though the bullish cluster isn’t great, it may be worth the risk with the additional information that the bears are weak).
FINAL WORDS
Time and time again, I have the unflattering habit of adding indicators on top of these setups. It gets to the point where things become so complicated, so contradictory, that I throw them all away to get back to the precise and unencumbered simplicity of the price action itself.
As with any dissertation on trading methodologies, the charts always look clear and obvious after the fact. Nothing here is meant to be taken at its word, but to invite research and testing with all or some of these concepts. Results will vary with different products, chart types and time frames.